During the Middle Ages the sword was an offensive weapon used for cracking armour, and the shield was used as a defence. After gunpowder came into general use, heavy defensive armour became obsolete, and the sword became a defensive as well as offensive weapon. In the 16th century the rapier was introduced in Italy, and the art of fencing was rapidly systematized in fencing schools. A dagger in the left hand, and later a folded cloak, replaced the shield. Eventually the left arm was left free. 

The rapier and the Italian fencing technique became very popular in Europe, particularly in France and England. In these countries, however, the size and shape of the rapier were constantly modified because its length and weight made it somewhat unwieldy. During the 18th century the small sword, or épée, was invented and popularized in France; the new weapon resulted in distinct Italian and French styles of fencing. The Italians used the rapier in a bravura manner, with pronounced, vigorous gestures. The French used the épée in a more formal manner, with great restraint of movement. The French style of fencing became by far the more prominent. Its rules govern most modern competition, and the vocabulary of traditional fencing is composed largely of French words.

In the 19th century duelling was generally outlawed, and the salle d'armes, or fencing school, turned to teaching fencing for purposes of sport. Much of the equipment still used by fencers was developed at this time, including the glove worn on the sword hand, the plastron (chest protector), and the mask of wire netting.